7#,. 0@@Rx< /*mZ? SCATTERING MECHANISMS Smooth Surface  Rough Surface   SCATTERING MECHANISMS (continued) Double-bounce Reflections  Vegetation Layer  u 5tD5fD5VC CddPro C Q*Y-t X QYt XP  "Af##### #######  C )e@)e,-.{/z{0yz1xy2wx3vw5uv6tu7st8rs:qr;pq<op=no>mn?jm@ej "@e## ###P "f##### #######  C eeggjjmmnnooppqqrrs st tu uv vw wxxyyzz{{~~e "e## ###P  "*###########(# C"*#####( Q, X 1i+ 0h," currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def " currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def &/legm_wide legm_wide 2 mul 19 div def %/legm_high legm_high 2 mul 4 div def legm_left legm_top translate legm_wide legm_high scale 0 0 moveto 0 3 lineto 18 3 lineto save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro,"- grestore """-,-,-,"<;<;<;"KJKJKJ"ZYZYZY"ihihih"xwxwxw""""""""""ddPro grestore  CpddProP "#### C"#P "###########(# C"#####( A^-p H"W currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def "!_ currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def %/legm_wide legm_wide 2 mul 8 div def %/legm_high legm_high 2 mul 8 div def legm_left legm_top translate legm_wide legm_high scale 0 0 moveto 4 1 lineto 7 2 lineto 7 5 lineto 4 7 lineto 0 7 lineto 0 0 lineto save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro4W ^WYY]]^]^ W]"1o grestore "WTTT"X"Y"ZUUUUUU"[***"\"]ddPro grestore  Cp*W ^W[^^ [ WWWddProP "W############ C######""W currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def "*_ currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def %/legm_wide legm_wide 2 mul 8 div def %/legm_high legm_high 2 mul 8 div def legm_left legm_top translate legm_wide legm_high scale 0 0 moveto 4 1 lineto 7 2 lineto 7 5 lineto 4 6 lineto 0 7 lineto 0 0 lineto save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro4"W)^"W\#\]$]^(Z^)WZ":o grestore ""WTTT""X""Y""ZUUUUUU""[***""\""]ddPro grestore  Cp*"W)^"W"[$^'^([)W"W"WddProP ""W############ C######" \ currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def "#o currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def ""^ currentpoint )/legm_radius exch legm_top sub 2 div def Llegm_left sub 2 div dup legm_radius gt {/legm_radius exch def} {pop} ifelse gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def 9legm_wide legm_left add legm_high legm_top add translate Alegm_wide legm_left add neg legm_high legm_top add neg translate ,/legm_high legm_high 2 mul legm_top add def -/legm_wide legm_wide 2 mul legm_left add def *legm_left legm_radius add legm_top moveto Hlegm_wide legm_top legm_wide legm_top legm_radius add legm_radius arcto 4 {pop} repeat Jlegm_wide legm_high legm_wide legm_radius sub legm_high legm_radius arcto 4 {pop} repeat Jlegm_left legm_high legm_left legm_high legm_radius sub legm_radius arcto 4 {pop} repeat Hlegm_left legm_top legm_left legm_radius add legm_top legm_radius arcto 4 {pop} repeat save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro- \#o"8t grestore " U "U"V&f&f&f"V323232"W???"XLLL"XYYY"Yfefefe"Zs2s2s2"Z"[ˌˌ"\"\eee"]111"^"^"_ٗٗٗ"`ddd"`111"a"bddPro grestore  C @ \#o H"* currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def ". currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def &/legm_wide legm_wide 2 mul 19 div def %/legm_high legm_high 2 mul 4 div def legm_left legm_top translate legm_wide legm_high scale 0 3 moveto 0 0 lineto 18 0 lineto save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro4*.*+,-."B grestore "*"*"*-,-,-,"*<;<;<;"*KJKJKJ"*ZYZYZY"*ihihih"*xwxwxw"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*ddPro grestore  Cp*..**.ddProP ".#### C".#"f"-f1!81"$8P "!########  C !####P "########  C$####P "########  C$####P ""########  C$"$"#$####P "$######  C %&####P "'########  C %'####P # ###################"####  CT&"$%&"################" c"8c" Y currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def "#p currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def 9legm_wide legm_left add legm_high legm_top add translate */x_proportion legm_wide legm_high div def x_proportion 1 scale 0 0 legm_high 0 360 arc save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro4 X#q [n!X[nq"X[nq#[n"8q grestore " Y " ZEEE" ["""" \..." ]:.:.:." ^EEE" _QsQsQs" `]]]" ahhh" bt\t\t\" c" d" eDDD" f" g" h---" i" jrrr" k" l" m[[[" n" oddPro grestore  C P Y#p X1!81!#81"$8 1 8 1(* 8P "*o########  C (*n1*o.no1n ####"*|P "o########  C 4mmmnnoo ####"|P "########  C ( ####"P "+########  C (+1+.1 ####"+ 1u${ 8 1z$ 8 1~$ 8 1$ 8 1$ 8 1$ 8 1$ 8 1$ 8 1$ 8 1#u){ 8 1#z) 8 1#~) 8 1#) 8 1#) 8 1#) 8 1#) 8 1#) 8 1#) 8 1ux 8 1wz 8 1z} 8 1| 8 1~ 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1)u+ 8 1)+ 8 1)+ 8Q!XQ"'X UUUU1 # 80/.P@  0@0@@ `@@ pP@  @ `@?@  ?00  ddPro8 XG,  Helvetica .+[Sր) P#) A@ ) C\`) E) B ) O) R ) N`) EA)  %)I `)M) A ) G) I)N) G)  z`)R) A) D ) A`) R) - )C ddProH '= (7S) I)R) -)C) E@) D .S S S SddPro S *d dPro qquwutwqz"-+KFddPro d dPro qEQEQNKE"H"""z"u"o"j"d"_"Y"T"NddPro @@!(' UUUUQ7" X@@@ UUUUq 2-!$ % & ) + - - - - -,+*(%"! #&)-./122 1 1 / - + )'#  p 2-!$ % & ) + - - - - -,+*(%"! #&)-./122 1 1 / - + )'# @@@"('`72Z@@@p6,   !$'* ,@@@" ,('`/"Z@@@p600 / - *'$"   @@@"(' A$' H@@@ q('#'(#  p('#'(# @@@" (' ""Q"-( X@@@ ""qf!!,*$##$"&!'!)"*#*$*%*'((')'+%+$,#,"+!+!)!(!'"%#$# pf!!,*$##$"&!'!)"*#*$*%*'((')'+%+$,#,"+!+!)!(!'"%#$#@ ddPro0w ~S,  Helvetica .\#+Smooth Surface(n6P(PP PddProP"# # # # ########## #### ### # ################ ################### P"####################### ################################## ###d dPro qot}}utrvoy}"+*KFddPro d dPro qo{o{yvo""""yddPro d dPro qJUWbJURbT_W]JU"}"}"w"q~"kw"eq"_j"XdddPro d dPro q}lz}l}zzy}l"""ddPro d dPro qcrcrpoc"""wddPro d dPro qxx|yx""""}ddPro ddPro0r P,  Helvetica .\#( Rough Surface@@ P P(' UUUUQ7" X@@@ UUUUq 2-!$ % & ) + - - - - -,+*(%"! #&)-./122 1 1 / - + )'#  p 2-!$ % & ) + - - - - -,+*(%"! #&)-./122 1 1 / - + )'# @@@"('`72Z@@@p6,   !$'* ,@@@" ,('`/"Z@@@p600 / - *'$"   @@@"(' A$' H@@@ q('#'(#  p('#'(# @@@" (' ""Q"-( X@@@ ""qf!!,*$##$"&!'!)"*#*$*%*'((')'+%+$,#,"+!+!)!(!'"%#$# pf!!,*$##$"&!'!)"*#*$*%*'((')'+%+$,#,"+!+!)!(!'"%#$#@d dPro q^m^klm^"}"}"uddPro .5tD5fD5VC CddPro C Q*Y-t X QYt XP  "Af##### #######  C )e@)e,-.{/z{0yz1xy2wx3vw5uv6tu7st8rs:qr;pq<op=no>mn?jm@ej "@e## ###P "f##### #######  C eeggjjmmnnooppqqrrs st tu uv vw wxxyyzz{{~~e "e## ###P  "*###########(# C"*#####( Q, X 1i+ 0h," currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def " currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def &/legm_wide legm_wide 2 mul 19 div def %/legm_high legm_high 2 mul 4 div def legm_left legm_top translate legm_wide legm_high scale 0 0 moveto 0 3 lineto 18 3 lineto save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro,"- grestore """-,-,-,"<;<;<;"KJKJKJ"ZYZYZY"ihihih"xwxwxw""""""""""ddPro grestore  CpddProP "#### C"#P "###########(# C"#####( A^-p H"W currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def "!_ currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def %/legm_wide legm_wide 2 mul 8 div def %/legm_high legm_high 2 mul 8 div def legm_left legm_top translate legm_wide legm_high scale 0 0 moveto 4 1 lineto 7 2 lineto 7 5 lineto 4 7 lineto 0 7 lineto 0 0 lineto save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro4W ^WYY]]^]^ W]"1o grestore "WTTT"X"Y"ZUUUUUU"[***"\"]ddPro grestore  Cp*W ^W[^^ [ WWWddProP "W############ C######""W currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def "*_ currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def %/legm_wide legm_wide 2 mul 8 div def %/legm_high legm_high 2 mul 8 div def legm_left legm_top translate legm_wide legm_high scale 0 0 moveto 4 1 lineto 7 2 lineto 7 5 lineto 4 6 lineto 0 7 lineto 0 0 lineto save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro4"W)^"W\#\]$]^(Z^)WZ":o grestore ""WTTT""X""Y""ZUUUUUU""[***""\""]ddPro grestore  Cp*"W)^"W"[$^'^([)W"W"WddProP ""W############ C######" \ currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def "#o currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def ""^ currentpoint )/legm_radius exch legm_top sub 2 div def Llegm_left sub 2 div dup legm_radius gt {/legm_radius exch def} {pop} ifelse gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def 9legm_wide legm_left add legm_high legm_top add translate Alegm_wide legm_left add neg legm_high legm_top add neg translate ,/legm_high legm_high 2 mul legm_top add def -/legm_wide legm_wide 2 mul legm_left add def *legm_left legm_radius add legm_top moveto Hlegm_wide legm_top legm_wide legm_top legm_radius add legm_radius arcto 4 {pop} repeat Jlegm_wide legm_high legm_wide legm_radius sub legm_high legm_radius arcto 4 {pop} repeat Jlegm_left legm_high legm_left legm_high legm_radius sub legm_radius arcto 4 {pop} repeat Hlegm_left legm_top legm_left legm_radius add legm_top legm_radius arcto 4 {pop} repeat save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro- \#o"8t grestore " U "U"V&f&f&f"V323232"W???"XLLL"XYYY"Yfefefe"Zs2s2s2"Z"[ˌˌ"\"\eee"]111"^"^"_ٗٗٗ"`ddd"`111"a"bddPro grestore  C @ \#o H"* currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def ". currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def &/legm_wide legm_wide 2 mul 19 div def %/legm_high legm_high 2 mul 4 div def legm_left legm_top translate legm_wide legm_high scale 0 3 moveto 0 0 lineto 18 0 lineto save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro4*.*+,-."B grestore "*"*"*-,-,-,"*<;<;<;"*KJKJKJ"*ZYZYZY"*ihihih"*xwxwxw"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*"*ddPro grestore  Cp*..**.ddProP ".#### C".#"f"-f1!81"$8P "!########  C !####P "########  C$####P "########  C$####P ""########  C$"$"#$####P "$######  C %&####P "'########  C %'####P # ###################"####  CT&"$%&"################" c"8c" Y currentpoint /legm_top exch def /legm_left exch def "#p currentpoint '/legm_high exch legm_top sub 2 div def (/legm_wide exch legm_left sub 2 div def gsave newpath 0 setlinewidth &/save_matrix matrix currentmatrix def 9legm_wide legm_left add legm_high legm_top add translate */x_proportion legm_wide legm_high div def x_proportion 1 scale 0 0 legm_high 0 360 arc save_matrix setmatrix clip gsave ddProd6dPro4 X#q [n!X[nq"X[nq#[n"8q grestore " Y " ZEEE" ["""" \..." ]:.:.:." ^EEE" _QsQsQs" `]]]" ahhh" bt\t\t\" c" d" eDDD" f" g" h---" i" jrrr" k" l" m[[[" n" oddPro grestore  C P Y#p X1!81!#81"$8 1 8 1(* 8P "*o########  C (*n1*o.no1n ####"*|P "o########  C 4mmmnnoo ####"|P "########  C ( ####"P "+########  C (+1+.1 ####"+ 1u${ 8 1z$ 8 1~$ 8 1$ 8 1$ 8 1$ 8 1$ 8 1$ 8 1$ 8 1#u){ 8 1#z) 8 1#~) 8 1#) 8 1#) 8 1#) 8 1#) 8 1#) 8 1#) 8 1ux 8 1wz 8 1z} 8 1| 8 1~ 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1)u+ 8 1)+ 8 1)+ 8Q!XQ"'X UUUU1 # 80/.P@  0@0@@ `@@ pP@  @ `@?@  ?00  ddPro8 XG,  Helvetica .+[Sր) P#) A@ ) C\`) E) B ) O) R ) N`) EA)  %)I `)M) A ) G) I)N) G)  z`)R) A) D ) A`) R) - )C ddProH '= (7S) I)R) -)C) E@) D . . p. .ddPro .  0`1v 8 `0 1l 8ddPro 1w ddPro0O t,  Helvetica .\#+w ddProddPro .1m ddPro0X m( ddProd dPro  . q"P6KFddPro d dPro q""""ddPro d dPro q<\Ii<\CiFfId<\"""|"v"p"j"d"^"Wy"Qr"KlddPro @@#(' UUUUQ7" X@@@ UUUUq 2-!$ % & ) + - - - - -,+*(%"! #&)-./122 1 1 / - + )'#  p 2-!$ % & ) + - - - - -,+*(%"! #&)-./122 1 1 / - + )'# @@@"('`72Z@@@p6,   !$'* ,@@@" ,('`/"Z@@@p600 / - *'$"   @@@"(' A$' H@@@ q('#'(#  p('#'(# @@@" (' ""Q"-( X@@@ ""qf!!,*$##$"&!'!)"*#*$*%*'((')'+%+$,#,"+!+!)!(!'"%#$# pf!!,*$##$"&!'!)"*#*$*%*'((')'+%+$,#,"+!+!)!(!'"%#$#@ ddPro0{$ z.\#( Double-bouncev  ddPro "q>""} """;""" " "nb#1"""|"p"{m "{ ""ug"h"""{ "qC>"I "yD"Q"L"B"x;"Z"N k+k"k+"k4"k="kF"kO"kX"ka"kj"ks"k|"k"k"k"k"k"k"k"k"k"k"k"k"k"k"k"k  -"-"6"?"H"Q"Z"c"l"u"~""""""""""""""""d dPro qpv~~vvsxp{~",,KFddPro d dPro qYifuYiaucsfpYi"w"w"q"kz"dtddPro d dPro qR`R`_^R"z"z"r"i"addPro d dPro q_j_jhe_"y"y"t"n"hddPro d dPro q" """"ddPro d dPro q" """"ddPro d dPro qwwy}w"""""}ddPro d dPro qYhYfghY"""z"q"hddPro ddPro0p /,  Helvetica .\#(2Vegetation Layer@@  (' UUUUQ7" X@@@ UUUUq 2-!$ % & ) + - - - - -,+*(%"! #&)-./122 1 1 / - + )'#  p 2-!$ % & ) + - - - - -,+*(%"! #&)-./122 1 1 / - + )'# @@@"('`72Z@@@p6,   !$'* ,@@@" ,('`/"Z@@@p600 / - *'$"   @@@"(' A$' H@@@ q('#'(#  p('#'(# @@@" (' ""Q"-( X@@@ ""qf!!,*$##$"&!'!)"*#*$*%*'((')'+%+$,#,"+!+!)!(!'"%#$# pf!!,*$##$"&!'!)"*#*$*%*'((')'+%+$,#,"+!+!)!(!'"%#$#@ RADAR BACKSCATTER CHARACTERISITICS OF Smooth Surface Overall backscatter very low (HH, VV < -20dB) Rough Surface VV > HH HV < -20dB Phase Difference within 20o of zero Correlation coefficient > 0.7 Double-bounce Phase Difference within 50o of +180o Vegetation Layerm-/N?* mޔ P!L-L LN^ _TONNVHnp01FGIJ*+,./0134>YZ!cgŻŵ @   @ @ @ @O @@T @7$  @G/23EHIKLqr+,4?ѳѨxj\\\jj\\ !0$@ !0$@!08$@!08$@ !08$@ !08$@ !08 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0!0 !^!@!  HH and VV within 1dB of each other HV > HH - 7dB or HV > VV - 7dB Correlation coefficient between 0 and 0.5 These radar backscatter characteristics can be compared with the mean values in the "Statistics" results generated by Macsigma0. The above "rules-of-thumb" should separate most different types of scatterers, but will be wrong in some cases (there is always an exception to every rule)., except when looking straight downto high > high >1 3834L?c !Dc 0$@ !0$@ !0$@ !0$@   @J/234FIJLqrWXjk/TUjk!D!!!!!!!!!!D!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!RV?SUHH(FG(HH(d@=/RBH/ -:LaserWriter TonyF:Mod3cont.txt+{ ChicagoNew YorkGenevaMonacoPalatinoTimes HelveticaCourierSymboliiiErER0 !$@0 !$@0 !$@$08!$@H./34KL$+,-3VWXijk&'()*./@GHIJNORSTUi345Y./3JLIJLO*+,./0134>XYZcg?Mission to Planet EarthSIRC-ED Tony Freeman Tony Freeman