þ7#$ACà ¾ ¾>>>>>Ø>Ø>Ø>Ø >â"??"?&x> ¸?ž ?¾@Á*@ë>@Á?Ôí@Á@ÁA 9@Á@Á@Á@Á@Á@Á.c.Manaus, Brazil Titles of Investigation: I. Determining the Extent of Inundation on Subtropical and Tropical River Floodplains Beneath Vegetation of Varying Types and Densities II. Global Biodiversity: Assessment of Habitat Change and Species Extinctions with Multiparameter Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Data III. Relating Radar Backscatter Responses to Woody and Foliar Biomass of Forests IV. Information Extraction from Shuttle Radar Images for Forest Applications V. Inflight Antenna Pattern Measurement for SIR-C Principal Investigators: I. Dr. John Melack University of California - Santa Barbara II. Dr. Jack Paris California State University Ð Fresno III. Dr. Thuy LeToan Centre d'Etudes Spatiales des Rayonnements IV. Dr. Rudolf Winter DLR V. Dr. Richard Moore University of Kansas Site Description: Manaus lies at the confluence of the Solim›es and Negro rivers, which combine to form the Amazon River. These two rivers are fringed by different wetlands. The Solim›es River is rich in dissolved nutrients and suspended sediments and has extensive, fertile floodplains. A hydrologically and geomorphologically defined floodplain reach is located about 150 km west of Manaus; the largest lake in the reach is called Cabaliana, hence this is referred to as the Cabaliana floodplain. The Negro River is nutrient-poor and contains high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, hence is a black water river. About 100 km from Manaus, a large, forested archipelago (Anavilhanas) begins and extends another 100 km upriver. Objectives: I. a) Develop a procedure for recovering the presence, absence, and patchy presence of water and its spatial distribution. b) Modify, extend, and verify our composite vegetation radar model for different floodplain vegetation types and densities. c) Couple the above modeling and discrimination procedures for floodwater detection and delineation for input to conceptual flood stage/flood area hydrologic models. II. a) Study the impact of tropical forest fragmentation on the populations of endangered and threatened species of certain mammals, butterflies, birds, and plants in these habitats. b) Evaluate the use of the unique information about forest distributions and stand conditions expected from multiparameter synthetic aperture radar (SAR) relative to that from the MSS and AVHRR. III. a) Demonstrate the use of spaceborne SAR images to detect forest parameters. b) Increase our understanding of the interaction between microwave and vegetation canopies. IV. a) Extract all possible information from shuttle-borne radar images for areas with forest stands. V. a) Obtain vertical antenna patterns of the SIR-C/X-SAR radars to allow improved radiometric calibration of data for other investigations. b) Determine how much the vertical antenna pattern changes after launch. Field Measurements: LeToan, Moore please provide if applicable I. a) Low level overflights and ground surveys to determine extent of inundation. b) Measure characteristics of vegetation required for radar models, i.e., number of trees of various sizes per ha, tree diameters, crown thicknesses, branch sizes, leaf area, dielectric constant. II. a) Field data will be collected on the response of subject species to habitat fragmentation. IV. a) Classification results will be based mainly on SAR information, however, non-satellite data (air photos, soil maps, forest maps, and ground truth) will be used as reference data and to verify the results. Crew Observations: 1) Crew Journal: Document state of forest and agricultural areas and note any burning activities or smoke near the site. Describe cloud cover, cloud types, and the presence of any rain clouds. Note any clearcut extent at the site. Note sunglint under forest as evidence for inundation. 2) Cameras: Hercules and Linhoff will be used to acquire color and infrared photos of clouds and wetlands, and stereo photos of forests. Coverage Requirements: The minimum coverage requirements for the Manaus, Brazil test site are four (4) ascending or four (4) descending passes. Anticipated Results: I. a) Improve the monitoring of wetland hydrological regimes. b) Provide a quantitative assessment of the accuracies of radar floodwater mapping beneath dense vegetation canopies. c) Use our backscatter model and field data to isolate unique SAR backscatter signatures for changes in wetland inundation and soil moisture. II. a) Provide valuable, relatively high spatial resolution information about forest fragmentation conditions for use in refining such estimates based on MSS and AVHRR data. b) Provide valuable insight into the extended and broader area usage of spacecraft SAR data (e.g., from the EOS SAR) for studies of tropical forest type classification, biodiversity, and species loss in future years (i.e., during the EOS era). c) Promote the use of remotely-sensed data for the study of an important ecological issue -- the impact of cultural activities on forest habitats and on the threatened and endangered species that reside in these. III. a) Demonstration of the use of multifrequency, multipolarization and multi-incidence SIR-C/X-SAR data to probe different parts of a forest canopy. IV. a) Differentiation of forested and non-forested areas with an assessment of the accuracy of separation. b) Information on the tree stand geometry, age classes of trees, and seasonal changes. V. a) Improve on antenna patterns produced preflight. b) Measure change in the antenna pattern between ground and space conditions. u_%`È%` GroundV1.pic4%` GroundV1.pic4ˆ^4 ඌb8+-.áâ./<=MP'13 p q L M _ a b âóö ¡¢·¹4HJ ¾ Á Ð Ñ Ó ë í î!L!e!f!Ö!Ø!è!ë,J,U,X.F.H.Z.\3“3¥3§4u4v4‹44ô55 99€þý÷ñëñ÷ñ÷ñë÷ëñë÷ñë÷ë÷ëñë÷ë÷ñë÷ë÷ñë÷ñë÷ååþý÷ñëñ÷ñë÷ëñë÷ñë÷ëñë÷ñë÷ëñë÷ñë÷ë @ € €  ÀK-.·¸@A“”âã01Epq…¬­Ãðñ%<=OP&'34°±/0ØÙ ‘ ’ W ª « q r  LúôôëëßÓßÓÓÓÓÓÓëëËÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁëëë¸ë몜ªœªœªŽªŽªªœªœªœªª !À ˆûxÐ@ !À ˆûxÐ@ !À ˆûxÐ@!À Ð !À Ð@!À ¼ !À Ðý0@ !À Ðý0@!À !À 8 L M a b Ž á â ¨ ©  áâõö¡¢¹º34JKŠ‹”DE÷÷÷÷éé÷Û÷Í÷¿÷÷÷¶­¤÷÷÷™÷÷éé‚é‚qb!À „ü| ÂF!À 8ûÈÐT@ !À ˆûxÐ@ !À ÐÐ!À Ðý0!À Ðý0!À Ðý0 !À 8ûÈÐ@ !À 8ûÈÐ@ !À ˆûxÐ@ !À ˆûxÐ@!À  E<=°±xy°± Ñ Ò Ó í î!,!-!M!N!g!h!|!§!¨!½!×ïÞïгŸ‹‹ÐÐÐÐÐІ€zzqqeeeeeWWWWWW !À Ðý0¼@ !À Ðý0@!À !À !À!À 8ûÈЄF @@!À 8ûÈЄF @@!À „F @ !À ˆûxÐ@ !À ˆûxÐ@!À 8ûÈÐF@!À 8ûÈÐF@ :ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿNew York 10 point,timesCourier ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ óôöÞ.c.…tztal, Austria Titles of Investigations: I. SIR-C Investigations of Snow Properties in Alpine Terrain II. High Alpine SAR Experiment Principal Investigators: I. Dr. Jeff Dozier University of California - Santa Barbara II. Dr. Helmut Rott University of Innsbruck Site Description: With increasing world population, the demand for further exploitation of the resources of marginal land use areas such as the high alpine zones is growing. The fragile ecosystems of these areas call for detailed studies of the environmental processes to assess the potential impact of human activities. Earth observations from space provide closer insights to these processes and establish the basis for better management of renewable and non-renewable resources. Cloud cover presents a key problem to remote sensing of mountain areas with optical instruments. Radar is both weather-independent and is sensitive to dielectric and roughness properties of the target areas. Therefore, radar is a valuable tool in mountainous regions. Previous studies have shown the potential of SAR for various applications in high mountain areas (Hall and Ormsby, 1983; Rott, 1984; Rott and MŠtzler, 1987). To date, spaceborne SAR experiments have been limited to L-band HH (horizontal polarization transmitted, horizontally polarized received) data. Theoretical and experimental investigations have shown that shorter wavelengths should be more useful for specific applications such as snow hydrology, glaciology, and rock discrimination in alpine areas (Rott et al., 1985; Rott and MŠtzler, 1987). SIR-C/X-SAR is the first chance to investigate the possibilities of multifrequency and multipolarization spaceborne radar in alpine areas. Recognizing the need for improved information on high alpine areas all over the world, we believe that it is crucially important to understand the relations between satellite measurements and physical target properties, and to develop standard algorithms for satellite data analysis. These goals are best achieved in test areas where extensive field measurements are carried out and proper validation of data analysis methods is possible. For these reasons, …tztal in the Austrian Alps has been chosen as a model site for application of multiple parameter SAR in high alpine areas. Geoscientific investigations have been carried out at this site since the end of the nineteenth century, and various institutes have research stations in the area (Hoinkes, 1968; Kuhn, 1981; Moser and Peterson, 1981, Patzelt, 1987). A spaceborne SAR experiment was carried out in 1981 (Rott, 1984a; Rott and Domik, 1985). A map of the test site is shown in Figure 1. The area, which rises from altitudes of about 1500 to 3774 m is partially covered by glaciers. The optimum time of the year for the experiment would be mid-June to mid-October. For a part of the planned investigation, data from the winter period are also required. Objectives: I. a) Estimate snow-covered area and distribution of snow water equivalence over alpine drainage basins. b) Estimate spectral albedo of snow cover. c) Model spatial distribution of snow surface energy exchange, melt rate and snow metamorphism. II. a) Using surveyed test sites in the Alps, monitor glacier properties, map the seasonal snow cover, map geological and erosional features, obtain topographic mapping from radar stereo imagery, map alpine vegetation and sub-alpine forests. Field Measurements: I. a) Validate remotely sensed measurements with intensive snow surveys coincident with SIR-C flights, and with scatterometer measurements at one site. To insure that results are not site-specific, field and satellite investigations will be carried out at other test sites in different climates including at sites in the Sierra Nevada (California) and Tien Shan (Xinjiang, northwest China). b) Use optical sensor data to estimate grain size of surface snow layer and its contamination by absorbing impurities such as dust or soot. Use these parameters to extend albedo throughout the solar spectrum. AVIRIS data will be requested for US. sites and Landsat Thematic Mapper data will be used for foreign sites. c) Use parameters measured from satellite or aircraft, local micrometeorological data, and digital elevation grids to drive basin-wide energy balance model of snowpack. II. a) The physical properties and the back scattering signatures of the main targets will be measured on the ground and compared with the multi-parameter SAR signatures. b) Digital elevation data, detailed thematic maps, and field measurements will be used for data analysis and validation. c) Airborne imagery and optical satellite imagery will be obtained for comparison and will be used for generating multi-sensor data sets. Crew Observations: 1) Crew Journal: Describe the snow, vegetation extent, and cloud cover at the site. 2) Cameras: Hercules and Hasselblad will be used to photograph the snow extent and to obtain stereo images of the site. Coverage Requirements: The minimum coverage requirements for the …tztal, Austria test site are two (2) stereoscopic angles. Anticipated Results: I. a) Evaluation of the capability to model processes in the Earth's alpine snow cover. b) SIR-C measurements of the snow cover will be calibrated with physical measurements of snow characteristics, thus providing excellent data for evaluation of models of the electromagnetic properties of snow. II. a) Improve the understanding of the capabilities of spaceborne SAR for detection of physical properties of the seasonal snow cover and glaciers, and for deriving geological and erosional features; b) Assess the feasibility of extracting information on alpine vegetation and sub-alpine forests from multiparameter SAR data; c) Improve digital methods for thematic mapping of glaciers, snow cover, geologic structures and erosional features; d) Improve methods for high-precision contour and line mapping using radar stereo imagery and assess mapping accuracies; e) Assess the possibility for external radar calibration through backscatter measurements on homogeneous glacial areas; and f) Determine the optimum SAR parameters for future advanced earth observation systems regarding operational tasks in alpine terrain. erman H. Shugart University of Virginia Goddard Space Flight Center James A. Smith Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD !×!Ø!ê!ë$Í'ƒ)<,I,J,W,X,Â,Ã,ð,ñ-S-T.G.H.\.]/ê/ë1-1.1Ù1Ú2‡2ˆ333“3”3§3¨3ü3ý4u4v44Ž4ó4ô5 5 õìãØØØØãããÊÊÊÊÊÊʾããÊÊʯ¯ Êãㆆ†ããã{ããã ÐÐÐý08ûÈÐF@„ü| ÂF8ûÈ Ð@ 8ûÈ 8ûÈÐ@ ¼!À  !À ¼,5 5d5e6869777„7…7ü7ý8x8y8÷8ø99€òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòé ˆûxÐ@Ã@ÃPÿÿ/0no©ª¾éêÿÃ!À !À !À !À !À !À !À !À !À !À !À !À !À !À !À !À !À 9€  LE!×5 9€  !€È ÓHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@=à/Р ÐRBH -:LaserWriter ChicagoNew YorkGenevaMonaco San Francisco Zapf DingbatsBookmanPalatino Zapf ChanceryTimes HelveticaCourierSymbol! Avant Garde€FloralCapsNouveauÈJPLogo ÓMT Extra€Â€€Â(ÕüàüÂà ¾9Mission SummarySIR-CED Karl Erickson Karl Erickson